tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87391620331165431642024-03-13T11:32:49.881-07:00Minanam to sowal no Pangcah.formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8739162033116543164.post-77190311596270308732018-06-24T23:03:00.002-07:002018-06-24T23:03:46.951-07:00(影片)基本阿美語字母<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r9H3u9b8PJA" width="480"></iframe>formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8739162033116543164.post-19675075151188399822016-09-17T23:17:00.000-07:002016-09-17T23:30:21.326-07:00(3) Pangcah 語法基本 II<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> 在<a href="http://austronesia-formosa.blogspot.tw/2016/09/2-pangcah.html" target="_blank">Pangcah語法基本</a>I,談了一些基本中的基本的概念。這篇再來多講一些這個語言的特徵,這就像出發上路前先看地圖一樣,學語言之前先摸一下這個語言大概的樣子,等等就可以出發了! XD</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">這節我們來談幾個主題:</span><br />
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<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">基本詞(語)序</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">格位標記</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">焦點系統</span></li>
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<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">基本詞(語)序</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">每一種語言都有特定的語法(syntax),所謂語法就是詞在一句話裡面的順序,一句語法不對的句子,會讓人覺得彆扭,甚至誤解,或無法了解。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">以下先用台語舉個例子:</span></span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="145"></col><col width="219"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53f0\u8a9e"}" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">台語</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u83ef\u8a9e\u610f\u601d"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">華語意思</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"1a. \u963f\u516c\u4e94\u7b8d\u501f--\u6211"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1a. 阿公五箍借--我</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u963f\u516c\uff08\u9084\u6c92\uff09\u501f\u6211\u4e94\u584a\u9322"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">阿公<span style="color: red;">(還沒)</span>借我五塊錢</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"1b. \u963f\u516c\u501f\u6211\u4e94\u7b8d"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1b. 阿公借我五箍</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u963f\u516c\uff08\u5df2\u7d93\uff09\u501f\u6211\u4e94\u584a\u9322"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">阿公<span style="color: red;">(已經)</span>借我五塊錢</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">1a的句子所展示的是<span style="color: blue;">賓語(受詞)提前</span>的語法。這會造成他跟1b句子有意思上的不同。當然,如果更複雜的討論就會發現人稱代名詞使用的不同,也會造成語意不同。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">總歸一句話,即使一句話中所使用的詞素相同,但是排列不同就可能造成不同的文法效果,造成語意上個改變。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">語法中最基本的就是詞(語)序。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">我們比較熟悉的語言大多是按照 SVO 這個詞序來產生句子,也就是 主詞 - 動詞 - 受詞,比如:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4e3b\u8a5e"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">主詞</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u52d5\u8a5e"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">動詞</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53d7\u8a5e"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">受詞</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53f0\u8a9e"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">台語</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u6211"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">我</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u611b"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">愛</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4f60"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">你</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u82f1\u8a9e"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">英語</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"I"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"love"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">love</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"you"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">you</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u5fb7\u8a9e"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">德語</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Ich"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ich</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"liebe"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">liebe</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"dich"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">dich</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">不過,Pangcah以及許多南島語系語言的詞序則是VSO,也就是 動詞 - 主詞 - 受詞。以 我愛你 這句話為例,Pangcah的基本說法是:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Maolah</span> <span style="color: red;">kako</span> <span style="color: magenta;">tisuwanan</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">maolah - 喜歡,很愛,<span style="color: blue;">動詞</span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">kako - 我,主格,在這裡是<span style="color: red;">主詞</span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">tisuwanan - 你,受格,在這裡是<span style="color: magenta;">受詞</span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">(這邊為了方便讓大家了解,所以用主詞跟受詞來解釋,不過,以後我們就會用<span style="color: purple;"><b>主事者</b></span>跟<span style="color: purple;"><b>受事者</b></span>取代主詞跟受詞。主事者跟受事者這兩個名詞以後再解釋。)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">要記得喔,Pangcah語的語法是把動詞放在最前面!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> 2. <span style="color: blue;">格位標記</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Pangcah語和其他台灣南島語都有一個重要的系統:格位標記系統。</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">格位標記就是指出現在名詞前的符號,這些符號標明了句子中名詞的屬性,角色,以及文法功能。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Pangcah的名詞分成兩類:普通名詞(貓、狗、筆、太陽等等)和人類名詞(人名、親屬)。普通名詞的格位標記沒有單複數的分別,而人類名詞則有單複數的分別。列表如下:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="136"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4e3b\u683c"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">主格</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u6240\u6709\u683c"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">所有格</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53d7\u683c"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">受格</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8a5e"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">普通名詞</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ko"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ko</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"no"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">no</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"to"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">to</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4eba\u985e\u540d\u8a5e\uff08\u55ae\u6578\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">人類名詞(單數)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ci"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ci</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ni"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ni</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ci...an"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ci...an</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4eba\u985e\u540d\u8a5e\uff08\u8907\u6578\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">人類名詞(複數)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ca"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ca</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"na"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">na</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ca...an"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ca...an</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">舉例說明:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">去年有部很好看的電影,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omeR5XSJQPA&ab_channel=%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%83%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E8%A3%BD%E4%BD%9C" target="_blank">太陽的孩子</a>,Pangcah叫做 <span style="color: blue;"><b>wawa no cidal</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">wawa - 孩子</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">no - 標記名詞所有</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">cidal - 太陽</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Pangcah的彩虹叫做: <span style="color: blue;"><b>tilo ni Idek</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">tilo - 弓</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ni - 標記屬於某人所有</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Idek -人名。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">彩虹有好幾種講法,tilo ni Idek</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">(海岸,恆春阿美)</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">, teker</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">(陷阱)</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> ni Idek</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">(馬蘭,秀姑巒阿美)</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">,talakal</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">(陷阱)</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> ni Idek</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">(南勢,秀姑巒阿美)</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">,但是都跟Idek有關哩!</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">(這個傳說故事放在本篇的最後 ^^)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">來看一些句子熟悉一下Pancah的句型和格位標記:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="83"></col><col width="87"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="52"></col><col width="81"></col><col width="57"></col><col width="111"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4f8b\u53e5"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">例句</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Maolah"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Maolah</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ci"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ci</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Ofad"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ofad</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ciLakawan"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ciLakawan</span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53e5\u6cd5\u8aaa\u660e"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">句法說明</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u559c\u6b61"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">喜歡</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4e3b\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">主格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4eba\u540d"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">人名</span></td><td colspan="3" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Lakaw\u662f\u4eba\u540d\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u53d7\u683c\u6a19\u8a18ci...an"}" rowspan="1" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lakaw是人名,加上受格標記ci...an</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u83ef\u8a9e\u7ffb\u8b6f"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">華語翻譯</span></td><td colspan="6" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Ofad\u559c\u6b61lakaw"}" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ofad喜歡lakaw</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="83"></col><col width="111"></col><col width="81"></col><col width="52"></col><col width="64"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="77"></col><col width="65"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4f8b\u53e5"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">例句</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Maolah"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Maolah</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ci"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ci</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Kolas "}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kolas</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"a"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">a</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"komaen"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">komaen</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"to"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">to</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"foting"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">foting</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53e5\u6cd5\u8aaa\u660e"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">句法說明</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u559c\u6b61\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">喜歡(動詞)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4e3b\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">主格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4eba\u540d"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">人名</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u9023\u63a5\u8a5e"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">連接詞</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u5403\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">吃(動詞)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53d7\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">受格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u9b5a"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">魚</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u83ef\u8a9e\u7ffb\u8b6f"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">華語翻譯</span></td><td colspan="7" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Kolas\u559c\u6b61\u5403\u9b5a"}" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kolas喜歡吃魚</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="83"></col><col width="87"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="52"></col><col width="81"></col><col width="57"></col><col width="93"></col><col width="65"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4f8b\u53e5"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">例句</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"mila'op"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mila'op</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ko"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ko</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"wacu"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">wacu</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"tu"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">to</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"wawa"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">wawa</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"nu"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ni</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"singsi"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Panay</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53e5\u6cd5\u8aaa\u660e"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">句法說明</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u8ffd\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">追(動詞)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4e3b\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">主格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u72d7"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">狗</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53d7\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">受格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u5c0f\u5b69"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">小孩</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u6240\u6709\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">所有格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u8001\u5e2b"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-size: 15.6px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">人名</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u83ef\u8a9e\u7ffb\u8b6f"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">華語翻譯</span></td><td colspan="7" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u72d7\u5728\u8ffd\u8001\u5e2b\u7684\u5c0f\u5b69"}" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">狗在追Panay的小孩</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">第二句出現了一個連接詞 a ,先不要管他,以後再說。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> 3. <span style="color: blue;">焦點系統</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">焦點系統,是一種動詞態系統(voice system),白話的來說,就是一套<span style="color: red;">加在動詞上的詞綴</span>系統,用來表示句子中具有主格地位的名詞(也就是主語)的文法地位。</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><strike>(以上大家可能看不懂)</strike></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">舉例說明:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">a.</span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="83"></col><col width="111"></col><col width="81"></col><col width="52"></col><col width="82"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="94"></col><col width="65"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4f8b\u53e5"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">例句</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"mila'op"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Mi</b></span>la'op</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ko"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ko</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"wacu"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">wacu</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"to"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">to</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"wawa"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">wawa</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ni"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ni</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Panay"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Panay</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53e5\u6cd5\u8aaa\u660e"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">句法說明</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u8ffd\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">追(動詞)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4e3b\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">主格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u72d7"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">狗</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53d7\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">受格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u5c0f\u5b69"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">小孩</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u6240\u6709\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">所有格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4eba\u540d"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">人名</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u83ef\u8a9e\u7ffb\u8b6f"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">華語翻譯</span></td><td colspan="7" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u72d7\u5728\u8ffdPanay\u7684\u5c0f\u5b69"}" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">狗在追Panay的小孩</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">b.</span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="83"></col><col width="111"></col><col width="111"></col><col width="52"></col><col width="82"></col><col width="85"></col><col width="94"></col><col width="65"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4f8b\u53e5"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">例句</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"mila'op"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Ma</b></span>la'op</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"no"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">no</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"wacu"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">wacu</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ko"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ko</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"wawa"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">wawa</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ni"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ni</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Panay"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Panay</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u53e5\u6cd5\u8aaa\u660e"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">句法說明</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u8ffd\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">追(動詞)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u6240\u6709\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">所有格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u72d7"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">狗</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4e3b\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">主格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u5c0f\u5b69"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">小孩</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u6240\u6709\u683c\u6a19\u8a18"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">所有格標記</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4eba\u540d"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">人名</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u83ef\u8a9e\u7ffb\u8b6f"}" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">華語翻譯</span></td><td colspan="7" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Panay\u7684\u5c0f\u5b69\u88ab\u72d7\u8ffd"}" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 120%; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Panay的小孩被狗追</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">看得出來這兩句的不同嗎?意思雖然一樣,但是,a句的主語是 wacu,b句的主語是 wawa哩!<span style="color: red;"><b>最重要的,a句的主語是主事者,b句的主語是受事者!</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">所謂的焦點系統在這兩句話中可以看出,當主語是主事者的時候,la'op(追逐,動詞)加上前綴 mi ,而當主語是受事者的時候,la'op加上前綴 ma。</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">用<strike>我能想到的</strike>最簡單的話來講:<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;">動詞詞綴變化必須跟隨句子中當主語的名詞而變化,這就是Pangcah的焦點系統</span></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Pangcah有四個主要的焦點:主事焦點,受事焦點,工具焦點和處所焦點。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">焦點系統很複雜,我們在這邊停住,把以上觀念先掌握起來就好。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">最後我們來複習一下。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Pangcah語的基本詞序是動詞要放在最前頭,而一個句子中通常會有扮演主語角色的名詞,隨這個名詞所扮演的角色(主事,受事,工具或處所),動詞必須加上適當的詞綴。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">掌握以上,就可以進入Pangcah幼幼班了....XD</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">阿不是要說那個 Idek 的傳說故事嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">故事大概是這樣的:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">古時,阿美族部落出現一位名叫Idek的美貌青年,娶妻入贅到窮苦人家。不久他說要回自己家探親,妻子聽了也要跟去,但Idek解釋道:我原本是神子,我父母住在天界,從天界降下來和妳結婚,像你這樣懷孕的人不能進入天界。妻子執意要跟,Idek 無可奈何地向妻說:要去可以,但你要小心,上梯子時絕對不得發出歎息聲。於是 Idek 把梯子接到天界,由他先上然後妻子跟著往上爬,妻子快到天界,僅剩下最一個階梯時,她休息了片刻同時歎息了一聲,Idek聽見就將梯子踢倒,妻子便摔死了。從此天空不時出現彩虹,那是顯示神梯往地面倒下的情形。後人稱之為「teker ni Idek (Idek的陷阱)」。</span></div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8739162033116543164.post-77675296946765744652016-09-03T08:54:00.000-07:002016-09-19T00:51:10.984-07:00(2) Pangcah語法基本 I<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">先談談一些語言學的基本概念:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">字 vs 詞</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">孤立語 vs 生成語</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">有了這些基本的語言學概念之後,才能更好的認識跟學習Pangcah喔!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">什麼是<span style="color: red;">字</span>呢?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">一般人可能會以為語言的基本單位是字;不過,這是誤解。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">語言的基本單位是<span style="color: blue;">詞素(morphene)</span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">一個詞素可能構成一個字,但也可能不行。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">以英語為例,lover(愛人),這個字,包含了兩個詞素:love 和 -er。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">love這個詞素可以單獨成字,但是<span style="color: red;">-er</span>不能單獨成字。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">再以台語為例,gún/goán(我們)包含了兩個詞素:góa和<span style="color: red;"> -n</span>。góa可以單獨成字,表示我的意思,但是 <span style="color: red;">-n</span>不行。台語的人稱代名詞複數變化都是兩個詞素構成,如下表:</span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="142"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u55ae\u6578"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">單數</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u8907\u6578"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">複數</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u6211"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">我</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"g\u00f3a"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">góa</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"g\u00fan/go\u00e1n"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">gú<span style="color: red;">n</span>/goá<span style="color: red;">n</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4f60"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">你</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"l\u00ed"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">lí</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"l\u00edn"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">lí<span style="color: red;">n</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u4ed6"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">他</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"i"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">i</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"in"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">i<span style="color: red;">n</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u6211\u5011\uff08\u542b\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">我們(含說話者)</span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"l\u00e1n"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">lá<span style="color: red;">n</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">有了這個觀念以後,接下來講 <span style="color: red;">孤立語(isolating languages)和生成語(synthetic languages)</span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">孤立語多分佈於東亞,東南亞,和南非跟西非。孤立語通常有幾個特點:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">一個字通常由一個單音節的詞素構成。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">具有聲調。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">缺少詞形變化,使用很多的功能詞。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">詞序固定。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">結合3跟4兩點,表現出來的樣子就是一般人認知的華語:沒有時態,「文法」不明顯。不過,仔細想想,<span style="color: red;">我愛他</span>跟<span style="color: blue;">他愛我</span>,意思不一樣,因為講話時,詞的順序已經決定了文法,也決定了要表達的意思,所以詞序必須是固定的喔!<span style="color: red;">我愛他嗎</span>,<span style="color: purple;">我愛他呢</span>,<span style="color: blue;">我愛他呀</span>,意思也都不一樣,因為使用了不同的功能詞啊。</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">哪些語言是孤立語呢?大家比較熟悉的華語、台語、客語,還有<strike>要南進的</strike>泰語、越南語、緬甸語、寮國語等等等。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">相對於孤立語,另一群語言是生成語。生成語的特徵有:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">一個字通常由多音節的詞素構成。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">不使用聲調辨別字的意思。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">有詞形變化。因為有詞形的變化,所以生成語給一般人的感覺是「文法好難喔」。</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">哪些語言是生成語呢?大家比較熟悉的英語、德語、日語、韓語,還有我們的主角<b><span style="color: red;">Pangcah</span></b>都是生成語家族的一員。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">生成語的詞形變化來自他的詞綴(affixes),比如:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Love</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">He love<span style="color: red;">s</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">He lov<span style="color: red;">ed</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">He is lov<span style="color: red;">i<span style="color: red;">ng</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">He is <span style="color: blue;">be</span>lov<span style="color: red;">ed</span> of </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">上面的例子中,有著色的詞素就是詞贅。加在別的詞素尾巴的,叫做後綴(suffix),加在別的詞素前頭的叫做前綴(prefix)。有些詞綴可以插入別的詞素中間的叫做中綴(infix),比如Pangcah的 :</span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="152"></col><col width="128"></col><col width="128"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"tayi' \uff08\u5927\u4fbf\uff09"}" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">tayi' (大便)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"tireng\uff08\u8eab\u9ad4\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">radiw(歌)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"terep\uff08\u5b89\u975c\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">terep(安靜)</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"tinayi' \uff08\u8178\u5b50\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">t<span style="color: red;">in</span>ayi' (腸子)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"tomireng\uff08\u7ad9\u7acb\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: red;">r</span><span style="color: red;">om</span><span style="color: red;">adiw</span>(唱歌)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"tomerep\uff08\u505c\u6b62\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">t<span style="color: red;">om</span>erep(停止)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">還有一種詞綴,把別的詞素前後包圍起來,這種叫做環綴(circumfix),比如Pangcah的 :</span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="195"></col><col width="178"></col><col width="176"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ranam\uff08\u65e9\u9910\uff09"}" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ranam(早餐)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"foti'\uff08\u7761\u89ba\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">foti'(睡覺)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"dagoy\uff08\u6e38\u6cf3\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">dagoy(游泳)</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"maranamto \uff08\u5df2\u5403\u65e9\u9910\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: red;">ma</span>ranam<span style="color: red;">to</span> (已吃早餐)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"kafoti'an\uff08\u623f\u9593\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: red;">ka</span>foti'<span style="color: red;">an</span>(房間)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"midagoyay\uff08\u6e38\u6cf3\u7684\u4eba\uff09"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: red;">mi</span>dagoy<span style="color: red;">ay</span>(游泳的人)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">這些詞綴有兩個特性,第一,他們不能單獨存在,一定要附著到詞根上,所以他們叫做<span style="color: blue;">依存詞素(bound morpheme)</span>;附加到詞根上的時候,在英語的例子中,他們會把詞根的詞性改變,所以他們叫做<span style="color: blue;">語法詞綴(inflectional affixes)</span>,而我們Pangcah的詞綴呢,則是產生出不同於詞根的詞出來,所以他們叫做<span style="color: blue;">衍生詞綴(dderived affixes)</span>。</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">好像很複雜?其實一點也不,因為生成語的最複雜者叫做多重生成語(polysynthetic languages)。著名的例子是愛斯基摩人的因紐特語,比方下面的例子:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Utaqqi</span><span style="color: purple;">gu</span>vi<span style="color: red;">nga</span>, <span style="color: blue;">aulla</span>qati<span style="color: red;">gi</span><span style="color: purple;">niaq</span><span style="color: magenta;">pa</span>git</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">看起來/說起來只有兩個字而已,但是它包含了4,6個詞素,兩個句子:這兩個字的意思是:你等我,我就跟你去。</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Pangcah相對簡單,比英語還簡單喔!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">因為它是屬於黏著語(agglutinative languages)。這種語言有幾項特徵:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">每一個詞素的功用都很單純。相對於英語,比如「he sit<span style="color: red;">s</span> on the chair.」,sits的s表示了第三人稱、單數、現在式,<span style="color: red;">s</span>這個詞綴所代表的文法功用是融合在一起的,黏著語的詞綴通常不會有這種情況。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">黏著語的第二個特徵是,每一個詞素都可以被清楚區分出來,詞素跟詞素之間的界線明確。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">詞綴不會改變詞根的構形。比如英語男人的單數man,複數men,寫法/念法不一樣的這種情況就是詞根改變構形。</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">~~~</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">大致再把以上整理一遍:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">我們把語言依照特徵分為孤立語和生成語,孤立語的詞形缺少變化,生成語的詞形富有變化。生成語包括了多重生成語和黏著語。</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">要注意的是,這樣的分類是非常武斷的,事實上,語言特徵很難一刀兩斷孑然區分;語言特徵其實是多寡/程度的差別,所以也可以說語言特徵是一個光譜(如下圖所示),有時候,端看你對這個語言做什麼角度的分析,他的特徵多寡就會有差別。比如我們一開始舉例的台語,大體而言他是孤立語,但他還是有些詞綴(比方人稱代名詞的詞綴 <span style="color: red;">n</span>);再比如日語,如果我們只看他的名詞,那麼他的特徵是趨向孤立語,但是如果看的是日語動詞,那麼他是趨向生成語的。</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">(再加上日語缺乏聲調辨義,多音節的特性,通常日語會被放在生成語的類項)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilLiuFNozqArfxf2V20TQ1laf-bxXozjqgtJJ6Umfi_vw4O58emoFeRcJV0KC1kZ_8tujIAsmPjJkehQAUe0un7gE9UxkVstXLyyYPTmuC-zsZbueJ4H-dEZ7ljcUuQXrXoqBz8HPB6O2k/s1600/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-09-03+23.42.52.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="47" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilLiuFNozqArfxf2V20TQ1laf-bxXozjqgtJJ6Umfi_vw4O58emoFeRcJV0KC1kZ_8tujIAsmPjJkehQAUe0un7gE9UxkVstXLyyYPTmuC-zsZbueJ4H-dEZ7ljcUuQXrXoqBz8HPB6O2k/s640/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-09-03+23.42.52.png" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;">source:<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 31.2px;">Halvor Eifring & Rolf Theil: </span><em class=" elm-has-own-text" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; line-height: 31.2px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">Linguistics for Students of Asian and African Languages </em></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8739162033116543164.post-32129178439043041202016-08-31T07:56:00.000-07:002016-09-02T01:28:47.426-07:00(1) Tilid no Pangcah (阿美語的字母)<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">就像學英文一樣。要把Pangcah(阿美語)學好,首先,就是要學會他的字母。</span><br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">以下,是Pangcah拼寫用到的字母,以及對應的發音(以國際音標IPA表示)。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">母音</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u66f8\u5beb"}" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">書寫</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"a"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">a</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"e"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">e</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"i"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">i</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"u"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">u</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"o"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">o</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ipa"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">IPA</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"a"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">a</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u0258"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ɘ</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"i"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">i</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"u"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">u</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u0254"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ɔ</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">輔音</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); table-layout: fixed;"><colgroup><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u66f8\u5beb"}" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">書寫</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"c"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">c</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"d"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">d</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"f"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">f</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"h"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">h</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"k"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">k</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ipa"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">IPA</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ts"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ts</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u026c"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ɬ</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"f"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">f</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u0127"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ħ</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"k"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">k</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u66f8\u5beb"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">書寫</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"l"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">l</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"m"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">m</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"n"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">n</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ng"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ng</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"p"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">p</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ipa"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">IPA</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"l"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">l</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"m"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">m</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"n"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">n</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u014b"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ŋ</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"p"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">p</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u66f8\u5beb"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">書寫</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"r"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">r</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"s"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">s</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"t"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">t</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"w"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">w</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"x"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">x</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ipa"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">IPA</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"r"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">r</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"s"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">s</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"t"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">t</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"w"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">w</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"x"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">x</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\u66f8\u5beb"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">書寫</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"y"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">y</span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"ipa"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">IPA</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"j"}" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">j</span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">輔音除了以上十六個以外,還有兩個符號要注意</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“<span style="color: blue;"><b> '</b></span> ”,IPA符號是ʡ,代表會厭軟骨喉塞音(epiglottal stop)。另一個符號"<span style="color: blue;">^</span>",IPA符號是 ʔ,代表聲門收縮的喉塞音(glottal stop)。<span style="color: red;"><b>不過</b></span>,舊的書寫法有這兩者的分別,現在的書寫法已經統一都只寫“<span style="color: blue;"><b> '</b></span> ”。這兩個聲音是有些微差異,但是在Pangcah中似乎沒有辨別語意的功能。大家來聽一下這兩個聲音:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ʡ:<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Epiglottal_stop.ogg" target="_blank">會厭軟骨喉塞音</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ʔ:<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Glottal_stop.ogg" target="_blank">聲門喉塞音</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">完整的每個字母的發音,請大家到<a href="http://web.klokah.tw/extension/ab_practice/" target="_blank">族語e樂園</a>來聽聽看!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">另外特別補充一下,d 在Pangcah裡面是表示舌尖邊音,這個音對許多人來說可能有發音難度。他的發音方法是:<span style="color: red;">把舌尖抵在上排牙齒之後,讓氣流從舌頭兩邊送出</span>。<br /><br />聽一下他的發音:<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative.ogg" target="_blank">舌尖邊音</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">除了以上之外,關於Pangcah的音韻系統還有幾個要注意的:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">只有不送氣的輔音,沒有送氣音(大部分南島語言也都是這樣)。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">只有無聲子音,沒有有聲子音(濁音)。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">子音在字尾要唸出來,變成清音(氣流順著嘴型送出)。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">母音部分,只有單母音,沒有雙母音。比如hai,在台語中會唸成「ㄏㄞ」,但是Pangcah則要唸成「ㄏㄚㄧ」。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">母音 e 不會出現在字尾。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">書寫時的“<span style="color: blue;">o</span>”,多數時候發音為u。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Pangcah的音節相對簡單,每個音節都是以母音(V)為核心,子音(C)不能單獨構成音節。主要的音節有 CV,CVC兩種。每一個字的音節,就是按照母音出現的順序一個一個音節讀下去,比如: nanom 讀成 na-nom (CV CVC)兩個音節,aka 讀成 a-ka (V CV),dafdaf 讀成 daf-daf (CVC CVC) ,lafii 讀成 la-fi-i (CV CV V)。<span style="color: blue;">簡單一點的說,一個字的音節只能從母音或者子音加母音開始,單獨的或者連續兩個子音都不會構成音節</span>。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Pangcah多音節字的重音落在最後一個音節的母音上。</span></li>
</ol>
formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8739162033116543164.post-76920540187064743092015-10-03T22:25:00.000-07:002015-10-03T22:25:40.819-07:00Aka pisawad, 聽歌學族語<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #141823; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px auto 28px; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 700px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Suming這首歌實在太好聽了。好聽到我已經學會怎麼唱(哼哼,不學羅馬拼音的人就很難學會啦),而且,我還把這首歌的歌詞拆解了一下。畢竟,華語歌詞翻譯只是為了貼近華語語感的翻譯。<span class="_5yi- _5yi_" style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">要了解綁炸(Pangcah)就要培養綁炸語感啊!</span></div>
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<a name='more'></a>根據我的拆解,整首歌的意思如下,當然就沒有華語語感了。</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Zt81NX4DSug?list=PL3Fg-aX3zWPGj2vqhFqwi6Wg32nYgEG1c" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">ya tato’eman</span> <span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">i</span> 啊!天黑時候了!</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">hakowa ko pitala iso </span>多久等待你?</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">adada ko faloco </span>痛的心</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">terep han hokiya mihai konini a damak </span>停止願意這個樣子蛤? (Suming太厲害了,本句超難翻譯)</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">ano tala’ ayaw </span>如果前面</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">mafohat ko lalan a mi si’ ayaw </span>打開路前面有</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">ano tala’ ayaw </span>如果前面</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">tatiih to, fancal to, sahto nga’ ayay </span>壞的,好的,都好</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">aka sawaden ko tileng </span>不可以放棄身體</div>
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O <span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">olip caay ka miliyaw patatikol</span> 生命不再折返</div>
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我寫過,<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">學習羅馬拼音是實踐台灣多元文化的唯一道路</span>。我們要的是<span class="_5yi- _5yi_" style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">多元台灣</span>,而<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">不是</span><span class="_5yi_" style="font-style: italic;">中華文化的台灣</span>。(連結:<a href="http://www.peoplenews.tw/news/8bb9a600-675d-4b9a-a3c8-c80e24c2d47e" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">在台灣以羅馬字作為共同書寫系統之必要</a>)</div>
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拆歌詞的過程在下面,麻煩專家來糾正我,畢竟,O pailang kako (我是白浪),有一些語法詞沒有完全弄懂。像是ka擺在詞組後面,mi是前綴,但是用法?’ayaw是前方的意思,變化很多,但是si’ayaw究竟是??(如果是misi’ayaw很怪?小便之前?)</div>
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希望專家來幫忙,希望大家一起來學 - 什麼?你不學還敢說自己是台獨人士?不知道中國都有出版「台灣阿美族基礎語法」這樣的書了嗎?知道此間的含義嗎?</div>
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以下:wawa no cidal 主題曲 aka pisawad</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">ya tato’eman</span> <span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">i</span> </div>
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ya: 表感嘆</div>
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ta- :前綴,前綴成名詞、動詞。置於名詞、動詞之前。表某一特殊功能、標記。</div>
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to’eman :天黑</div>
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i: 地點,過去的時間</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">hakowa ko pitala iso</span></div>
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hakowa: 多久</div>
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ko (ci ca) : 主格 置於名詞、代詞、數詞、詞組之前,表主語。</div>
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pi-tala: pi動詞名詞化。置於動詞、名詞之前。表動機、意願、方式、情況、結果 tala等待</div>
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(k)iso : 你</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">adada ko faloco</span></div>
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adada : <span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">疾病、生病、疼痛</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">faloco, faloco’ : 心、心情、感覺, 心臟</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">terep han hokiya mihai konini a damak</span></div>
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terep: 停止</div>
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han: </div>
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hokiya: 助詞。置於謂語、句子之後。表對非眼前事物的推測、反詰語氣。【吧、嘛】</div>
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mihai: 承諾,願意</div>
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konini: 這個</div>
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a: 連結詞(為某種意義或修飾用) </div>
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damak</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">ano tala’ ayaw</span></div>
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ano: if, 如果,假如</div>
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tala’ ayaw:起頭,最初,前面</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">mafohat ko lalan a mi si’ ayaw</span></div>
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ma(mi)fohat 打開</div>
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lalan 路</div>
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mi</div>
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si’ayaw:前面有. si 前綴,有,擁有。</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">ano tala’ ayaw</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">tatiih to, fancal to, sahto nga’ ayay</span></div>
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tatiih : 不好的,壞的</div>
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to:受格標記</div>
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fancal(ay):美好的</div>
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santo: 都,都是</div>
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nga’ayay 好</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">aka sawaden ko tileng</span></div>
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aka:不,不可以,不要</div>
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sawaden: sawad 放棄 en - 後綴使名詞成為動詞</div>
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tileng/tireng 身體,骨骼</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">o olip caay ka mi liyaw patatikol</span> </div>
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o lip 應為 ‘orip:生命,文化,生計</div>
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caay:不,不是(回答用)</div>
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ka </div>
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miliyaw: 再</div>
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patatiko /patatikol: 折返</div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com2